Synthesis of Diphenhydramine 



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ALKYLATING AGENT  Introduction  Alkylating agents are named because they can add an alkyl group to a molecule. Alkylating agents can add alkyl groups to molecules in a variety of ways. One common way is through a process called nucleophilic substitution . In nucleophilic substitution, an alkylating agent reacts with a molecule that has a nucleophilic atom, such as a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom. The nucleophilic atom attacks the alkylating agent, and the alkyl group is transferred to the molecule. Definition: An alkylating agent is a substance that causes replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl group especially in a biologically important molecule; specifically : one with mutagenic activity that inhibits cell division and growth and is used to treat some cancers. Mode of Action of Alkylating Agents:  Alkylating agents are a type of anticancer drugs that work by damaging the DNA of cancer cells and preventing them from replicating .  They have a chemical structur...
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Structure, MOA, uses of warfarin Warfarin is a type of anticoagulant known as a Vitamin K antagonist.  Here’s how it works: Inhibition of Vitamin K : Warfarin inhibits the production of reduced from of Vitamin K by blocking the action of an enzyme called Vitamin K oxide reductase .  Impact on Clotting Factors : The reduced form of Vitamin K, Vitamin KH2, is a cofactor used in the γ-carboxylation of coagulation factors VII, IX, X, and thrombin . Without sufficient active Vitamin K1, these clotting factors have decreased clotting ability . Resulting Anticoagulant Effect : By inhibiting the reactivation of Vitamin K , Warfarin decreases the synthesis of these clotting factors in the liver, thereby reducing the blood’s ability to clot. USES of WARFARIN - Venous Thromboembolism  Treatment of Myocardial infraction  Ischemic Attacks  Pulmonary embolism 
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