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Structure, MOA, uses of warfarin Warfarin is a type of anticoagulant known as a Vitamin K antagonist.  Here’s how it works: Inhibition of Vitamin K : Warfarin inhibits the production of reduced from of Vitamin K by blocking the action of an enzyme called Vitamin K oxide reductase .  Impact on Clotting Factors : The reduced form of Vitamin K, Vitamin KH2, is a cofactor used in the γ-carboxylation of coagulation factors VII, IX, X, and thrombin . Without sufficient active Vitamin K1, these clotting factors have decreased clotting ability . Resulting Anticoagulant Effect : By inhibiting the reactivation of Vitamin K , Warfarin decreases the synthesis of these clotting factors in the liver, thereby reducing the blood’s ability to clot. USES of WARFARIN - Venous Thromboembolism  Treatment of Myocardial infraction  Ischemic Attacks  Pulmonary embolism 
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Anticoagulants, often referred to as blood thinners, are a family of medications that prevent your blood from clotting too easily. They work by breaking down existing clots or preventing new clots from forming.  Here are some reasons why they are important: Prevent Life-Threatening Conditions : Anticoagulants can help prevent life-threatening conditions like strokes, heart attacks, and pulmonary embolisms, all of which can occur due to blood clots. Treat Existing Clots : Anticoagulants are used to treat individuals who already have a blood clot, such as a clot in the veins of the leg (a deep vein thrombosis, or DVT), or in the arteries of the lung (a pulmonary embolus, or PE). Prevent Clot Formation : They are also used to prevent a blood clot in someone who is at high risk of getting one. Manage Health Conditions : Anticoagulants can protect individuals who have a condition or disease that could cause them to have any of the above clot-related events. Some of these conditions include
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ANTICOAGULANTS Anticoagulants, also known as blood thinners, are medications that prevent or reduce blood clots. They do this by interfering with the coagulation cascade, which is the series of chemical reactions that leads to blood clot formation. Example: Heparin, Warfarin  USES Stroke: This happens when a blood clot restricts the blood flow to the brain. Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA): Also known as mini strokes, these have similar symptoms to a stroke, but the effects typically last less than 24 hours. Heart Attacks: A blood clot can block a blood vessel that supplies blood to the heart. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This is when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. Pulmonary Embolism: This is when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel around the lungs. Atrial Fibrillation: This is a heart condition that increases the risk of clots. Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery: These surgeries increase the risk of blood clots. Ischemic Stroke: This type of stroke is caused
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 Procainamide  MOA & USES-
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  K +  sparing Diuretic MOA of K + sparing Diuretic Aldosterone Receptor Blocker ¯ ¯ Expression of Lumen Na channel → ¯ Transport of Na to the Collecting tubule cell ¯ Expression Na/ K ATPase pump → ¯ Transport of Na to Blood ( ¯ K to the urine) ¯ ­ Na and Water in the urine Uses – Spironolactone is used to treat Hypertension and Heart failure Amiloride used to treat high blood pressure and Heart failure with combination with loop diuretics Thiazide diuretics  MOA of Thiazide diuretics  USES  Hypertension  Oedema  Heart Failure 
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  Example of oral hypoglycemic agent is-  Metformin  Structure  MOA  Uses  Prediabetes: Metformin may prevent or delay the onset of diabetes in people with high blood sugar levels Gestational diabetes Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
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